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"Shattered Moments"
Pete Townshend of the Who (1966)


Part 3: Music and Crime

~ MUSIC AS A SOCIAL INFLUENCE ~


To see deeper into the notion that links crime to the social influences of music we must look at the actual music, bands and clubs at that time. Music is an essential part of Western culture. The need and appreciation for music is evident in the everyday lives of people for it is heard in movies, on television and throughout all forms of audio media. The majority of people also choose to listen to music for pleasure so it is not surprising, considering the bombardment of music one is faced with, that music can be an instrument of social influence and change. Music is a powerful form of communication. It can be personal, political, opportunistic, and can be self-expressive with therapeutic effects due to the release of emotion. According to Judith R. Blau, music has direct, emotional immediacy and is the expression of shared community experiences and social cohesion. Consider the social cohesion of music with regards to adolescents. D. Roberts and P. Christianson claim, "music alters and intensifies their moods, furnishes much of their slang, dominates their conversations and provides ambiance at their social gatherings" (Blau,1987,883-889). They suggest music to be more influential to teenagers than television, movies, and even computers and go so far as to say that music may possibly be dangerous for some youth.

The American Academy of Pediatrics states that "there is a cause and effect relationship between media and real-life violence," (Blau,1987,883-889) but is there a relationship between music and real-life violence? In a study conducted by Judith Blau, she explores the question: "Is there a link between music and forms of social disorganization, or a link between music and deep-seated economic problems?" (Blau,1987,283-289). She found that popular music can express and foster brutality, and that it is positively related to violent crime rates, suicide and divorce rates, as well as the population change in the United States. She suggests that the supply and demand for popular music is relatively sensitive to social dislocation. Of Blau's findings, the most relevant to the question of music and crime is that popular artists tend to flourish in metropolitan areas where economic conditions are poor, thus the supply and demand for it is responsive to a climate of uncertainty as manifested in economic inequalities. The economic status of Liverpool was so poor in the 1950s that it was common for families to use the doors inside their homes as fuel for heat. Though the economy had improved by the sixties, the conditions were still deplorable. According to Blau's theory, Liverpool had all the makings for a surge of popular music. Blau also found that urban levels of popular leisure activities that take people out of their homes are also positively associated with high rates of crime. The music explosion of the sixties should certainly be considered an event that brought people out of their homes and possibly directly influenced crime rates. The exposure to the music scene, in terms of it being a social phenomenon, may have created more crime and thus there may indeed be a connection between music and real-life violence.



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"The Undertakers"
On Stage At The Iron Door in 1963
Photo Courtesy of Chris Huston


~ MUSIC OF THE 1960s ~


In Liverpool, as in most of England, the main source of entertainment was found in the local pubs. Some of the most famous pubs were the Cavern, the Iron Door, the Mardi Gras and the Peppermint Lounge. They were first labelled as sophisticated places where a small group of people would gather to drink and socialize. There were, and still are, literally thousands of pubs in England. They became the hot spots of Liverpool's nightlife. The mature image soon faded with the arrival of rock and roll in the 1960's. Rock brought both new sounds and new atmospheres to the pubs in Liverpool. They became places where people would go to have fun and act wild. The location where it was said to have all begun was a pub in Liverpool called the Cavern at 10 Matthew Street. The sign today on the door reads, "The Cavern-Where it all Began." However, at the time, the Cavern had an unlisted door, which seemed to make it a favourite spot for brawling. The Cavern first opened its doors on January 16th, 1957 and did not close until May 27th, 1973. It was originally a jazz club but soon, like other clubs in Liverpool, opened its doors to rock and roll music. One of the first bands to play at the Cavern was the Beatles, in 1961. They had become very popular and played three hundred times between their debut and their final appearance on August 3rd, 1963. Just the fact that the Beatles had gotten their start there made it an attraction for youth. Some of the other bands that played at the Cavern include the Who, the Kinks, and the Yardbirds. With the popularity of rock and roll the pubs became the hottest spot in Liverpool and live entertainment was everywhere. Pubs such as the Boomerang and the Iron Door would be packed with energetic teenagers who were hungry for the sounds of rock and roll music. Management of the pubs wanted to capitalize on this situation so they would let as many as two hundred people over the maximum limit in their taverns. This caused a very hot and crowded environment, which often lead to violence. The managers started hiring bouncers to control the outburst of fights. Band members became so accustomed to the environment that when fights broke out, it did not affect their performance onstage. The pub owners were becoming frustrated with the amount of crime and wanted to shut some of the pubs down. They were getting a lot of publicity in the media especially the Cavern who had made headlines in the newspapers more than once. The owner, a Mr. Ray McFall, was sick of paying for the excessive amount of damage that was going on in his club. Eventually the police temporarily shut down pubs like the Boomerang and the Cavern because of violence. Such clubs were closed down many times for failing health and safety regulations.

Part 4: Conclusion



Scouser Rock Music - Part 2: Crime Rates In LiverpoolScouser Rock Music - Part 4: Conclusion



Submitted on December 4, 2001
© 2001 The Woolton Group. All rights reserved.



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